Changes in soil properties and humic substances after long‐term amendments with manure and crop residues in dryland farming systems

After 16 years of periodical applications of either farmyard manure or crop wastes at two levels of mineral N fertilization to a Calcic Haploxeralf in the semiarid central Spain, we found significant changes in chemical fertility levels and in the concentration, chemical composition, and carbon mineralization rates of soil organic matter (SOM). The changes in SOM quality were related to significant improvements of soil physical properties, mainly aggregate stability and water retention. Such changes were related to the increased concentration of humic colloids in soil, the mineral N dose, and the type of organic matter applied. When compared with the control plots, the organic matter accumulated in the amended plots tended to be less transformed, and its total concentration and humification degree decreased with increasing external N‐inputs. Humic acids from the amended plots showed a more marked aliphatic character (mainly after N addition) than those from control plots. Farmyard manure led to a significant improvement of soil physical properties, but had a comparatively small effect in promoting biodegradation and humification of crop wastes. This could be due to the high biological stability of the manure used which, in semiarid Mediterranean fields, usually leads to an accumulation of little transformed SOM.     

Irrigation with plant extracts in ecofarming increases biomass production and mineral and organic nitrogen content of plants

Seedlings of alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheat, potted on sandy soil, were irrigated with an aqueous extract of pea shoot (PE, 9.84 g dry weight l^–1) or a solution of Ca, K, Mg, P, and NO₃‐N salts (SS) in a concentration similar to that in PE, for 31–48 days. In comparison to water‐irrigated controls, both SS and PE treated plants showed nearly equal increases in shoot dry weight (29–40 %), whereas PE‐treated plants had higher fresh weights (38–84 %) due to increased succulence. Treatment with SS did not enhance, but sometimes even reduce, the concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, and several trace elements in shoot tissues. In contrast, PE‐treated plants had higher Ca, K, Mg, and organic N, but lower As and Ni contents and were thus of higher nutritive value. Reduced contents of metals in plant tissue correlated with their reduced solubility in the soil solution, which was not due to changes in pH. Fertilizer components such as K and Mg (metals of lower exchange intensity) were incorporated into the soil to release Ca, Sr, and Ba (metals of higher exchange intensity) and reduce the solubility of most trace elements and metal‐complexing humic substances. In addition, application of Ca precipitated heavy metals and humic complexes directly from the soil solution. This effect was partially overcome by PE. Its carboxylic acids could act as phytochelators of metal ions and as mobilizers of the highly diffusible humic substances which carry metals to roots. It is concluded that continuous PE application replaces the quantities of Ca, K, Mg, P, and organic N, but not of NO₃‐N consumed during plant growth. Using PE does not add any relevant quantities of toxic metals to the plant‐soil system.     

调制对烟草香气物质含量的影响研究进展

为探究调制技术与烟草香气物质含量的关系,从调制设施、调制环境、调制方法等方面综述了调制对烤烟、白肋烟等不同烟草类型烟叶香气物质含量的影响,分析并总结了烤房设施、晾房设施及调制温湿度、调制时间、调制方法等烟草调制技术的研究成果及研究中存在的问题,并对该领域的研究方向进行了展望。     

Effect of Foliar Applications of Humic Acid on Growth,Visual Quality,Nutrients Content and Root Parameters of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.)

In recent years, applying humic acid (HA) has been common in turfgrass management. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of HA on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of “Speedygreen” perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Different concentrations of HA (0, 100, 400, and 1000 mg L^?1) were applied monthly as foliar application. Results showed that leaf phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) content, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content, and root fresh weights were not affected by HA. Meanwhile, HA improved the root and shoot development, except for root fresh weight. While just 100 mg L^?1 improved height, visual quality, nitrogen (N) content, roots length, and surface of roots, all of HA concentrations were effective on iron content. These results suggest that HA foliar application might be of benefit to enhance some nutrients uptake and root development of ryegrass possibly leading to improved drought resistance.     

土壤腐殖物质的固体13C核磁共振技术研究

土壤腐殖物质的组成和结构复杂,其中含有多种官能团,是土壤碳库中的重要组成部分.固态13C NMR是研究有机化合物结构的有效手段,特别对于不溶性HM,已成为其研究的重要技术方法.本文主要介绍了固体13C NMR在土壤腐殖物质中的应用概况,总结、归纳了土壤腐殖物质中不同官能团所对应的信号区间,对比分析了腐殖物质中不同组分的结构区别,讨论分析了固体13C NMR在土壤腐殖物质结构与形态研究中的应用,以期借助固体13C NMR更加深入地对腐殖物质整体结构进行研究,推进对腐殖物质形成、转化的探讨.     

柞蚕抗病机制及其抗病物质的研究——Ⅲ.柞蚕诱导抗菌物质活性与柞蚕对NPV感染抵抗性的相关关系

本试验利用半蛾区测定方法,将同蛾区蛹期诱导抗菌物质活性、稚蚕期对柞蚕NPV的感染抵抗性进行了相关性的比较试验.初步结果表明:(1)同蛾区稚蚕期对NPV感染抵抗性强的.蛹期诱导抗菌物质活性也高,呈正相关关系,(2)蛹期诱导抗菌物质活性高的峨区,次代稚蚕期抗毒力(NPV)也强,呈正相关;(3)柞蚕五龄幼虫经大肠杆菌诱导后也能产生抗菌物质,且其诱导抗菌物质活性与溶菌酶活性趋于正相关.同时,供试的三个柞蚕品种,蚕期和蛹期诱导抗菌物质活性趋于一致.     

Endogenous plant growth substances content in young fruits of seeded and seedless Clementine mandarin as related to fruit set and development

The content of plant growth substances in the fruits of seedless (‘Fino’) and seeded (‘Monreal’) Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) during the early stages of development was investigated. Auxin-like substances were determined with the oat mesocotyl bioassay, gibberellin-like substances with the α-amylase bioassay, and abscisic acid (ABA) by gas chromatography—electron capture detector. Methanolic extracts of fruits of seedless Clementine had higher content of auxin-like compounds in the acidic and butanolic fractions than the seeded Clementine extracts. In particular, a compound with R_f 0–0.25 in the chromatograms may be involved in the parthenocarpic fruit set development of ‘Fino’ Clementine ovaries. Diffusable gibberellin-like compounds (R_f 0.8–1.0), probably produced in the developing seeds, were obtained from seeded Clementine fruits after the time of anthesis. The content of ABA in the fruits was always low in ‘Monreal’ Clementine, whereas in fruits of ‘Fino’ Clementine and of ‘Monreal’ without seeds it increased dramatically after anthesis. It is suggested that the control of fruit set and development in Clementine mandarin is carried out through an equilibrium between auxin-like substances (‘Fino’) or gibberellin-like substances (‘Monreal’) and ABA.     

Antifungal substances produced by fungal strain Kyu-W63 from wheat leaf and its taxonomic position

Fungal strain Kyu-W63 from a wheat leaf suppressed the development of wheat powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that Kyu-W63 produced two volatile substances: 5-pentyl-2-furaldehyde and 5-(4-pentenyl)-2-furaldehyde. Although the two are known to be nematicidal substances, the antifungal activity of 5-(4-pentenyl)-2-furaldehyde was first confirmed in the present study. Culture experiments revealed that synthesized 5-pentyl-2-furaldehyde had antifungal activity against three other pathogens – Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Colletotrichum fragariae, Botrytis cinerea – with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2–4µg/ml. The two fractionated substances were also inhibitory against C. fragariae. Because the absence of spores in strain Kyu-W63 made its identification difficult, the sequence in the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of Kyu-W63 was compared with that of Irpex lacteus, which is known to produce these substances. Strain Kyu-W63 completely agreed with I. lacteus in terms of the ITS sequences, so strain Kyu-W63 was inferred to be I. lacteus. Two other strains of I. lacteus tested also produced the two furaldehydes and suppressed the growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Both Kyu-W63 and additional strains produced the two furaldehydes on potato dextrose agar but not on water agar.The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ databases under accession numbers AB079264, AB079265, AB079266, and AB079267     

亚低温与干旱胁迫对番茄幼苗渗透调节物质与抗氧化酶活性的影响

以"金棚1号"番茄为试材,采用温室盆栽的方法研究亚低温与干旱胁迫对番茄幼苗渗透调节物质与抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着亚低温干旱交互胁迫时间的延长,番茄幼苗叶片MDA含量、细胞膜相对透性均有不同程度的升高,可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性变化趋势出现先升后降,POD活性呈现倒"V"型变化,CAT活性呈现"M"型变化,番茄幼苗叶片对亚低温胁迫的敏感程度大于干旱胁迫的影响。相关性分析与主成分分析显示:POD、CAT活性与细胞膜相对透性呈极显著负相关,与MDA含量呈显著负相关;SOD活性与MDA含量呈正相关,POD与CAT活性呈显著正相关。     

低温弱光胁迫及恢复过程对CMS三系辣椒幼苗保护酶活性与渗透调节物质的影响

以辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)CMS三系的不育系、恢复系与相应杂交一代种幼苗为材料,研究了辣椒幼苗叶片对低温弱光及其恢复过程的响应。结果表明:随着低温弱光处理时间的增加,辣椒幼苗叶片的SOD活性先降低,又升高,随后降低;POD与APX活性先升高后降低。在常温恢复阶段SOD与APX活性先降低又升高;就POD活性来说,杂交一代种F1逐渐升高,不育系与恢复系呈现"V"字形变化趋势。在低温弱光处理阶段,渗透调节物质Pr与可溶性糖先降低后升高;脯氨酸含量与之相反。在常温恢复阶段Pr呈现出一直降低的趋势;可溶性糖含量先降低随后升高;脯氨酸含量先升高又降低。F1的SOD活性、POD活性、Pr含量高于A、R;R、F1的APX活性与可溶性糖含量高于A。恢复系与杂交种的各项指标优于不育系。